Fig 1.
Left: A series of simplified animal social networks, at the international, landscape, and community scales, to illustrate how social structure, at each scale may contribute to disease spread. Using networks in this way captures almost all possible routes of transmission between species and can be used in predictive modeling, especially when combined with complementary viral phylogenetic modeling and as part of broad phylodynamic study. Right: A simplified evolutionary history of HPAI A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b B3.13 (‘cow flu’) as proposed by Nguyen and colleagues [11]—showing that the viral genome that emerged in mammals in the USA was likely derived from wild birds. A superimposed social network illustrates how social network may work alongside reactive viral phylogenetics.