Fig 1.
The de novo sphingolipids synthesis pathway in animals, plants, and fungi.
Serine and fatty acyl-CoA as raw materials are catalyzed by serine palmitoyl transferase to form 3-KDS, before being transformed into dihydrosphingosine through 3-ketosphinganine reductase. The dihydrosphingosine is further catalyzed to dihydroceramide by ceramidases and then form ceramide by Δ4-desaturase. In animals, the dihydrosphingosine can be phosphorylated to dihydrosphingosine-1-P (S1P) by S1P lyase. In plants and fungi, the dihydrosphingosine can form phytosphingosine and phytoceramide by additional enzymes that introduces a double bond in LCB, which is absent in animals. 3-KDS, 3-ketodihydrosphingosine; LCB, long chain sphingoid base; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; SPT, serine palmitoyltransferase; VLCFA, very long chain fatty acid.
Fig 2.
The complex sphingolipid metabolic pathways in Golgi complex.
In animals, plants, and fungi, the specific complex sphingolipids are generated in the Golgi by different catabolic enzymes. Ceramide is catalyzed to produce GalCer and GlcCer in animals and plants, whereas GalCer or GlcCer is structurally different and display different abundance in the PM. In addition, in S. cerevisiae only MIPC was formed while in other pathogenic fungi and plants form not only GIPC but also GlcCer. GIPC, glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide; IPC, inositol-phosphoryl ceramide; PM, plasma membrane.
Table 1.
The sphingolipid synthesis-associated genes in animals, fungi, and plants.
Fig 3.
Structures of sphingolipid synthesis regulators between mammals and fungi.
(A) (a) The structure of HsSPT1 was constructed using AlphaFold2. (b) 3D structure of MoLcb1 of M. oryzae. (c) The alignment structures of HsSPT1 (blue) and MoLcb1 (green). (B) Multiple sequence alignment of Spt1 proteins using MEGA 7.0 software. SPT, serine palmitoyltransferase.
Table 2.
Some sphingolipid inhibitors against phytopathogenic fungi.