Fig 1.
Schematic genome structures of representative animal viruses (arthropod viruses) and fungal viruses (phyto- and entomopathogenic fungal viruses) with close taxonomic relationships.
dsRNA viruses, MmPV1: Metarhizium majus partitivirus 1 (virus accession numbers OL518956/OL518957), DbMKPV1: Drosophila biauraria male-killing partitivirus 1 (LC704637–LC704640), MyRV1: Mycoreovirus 1 (AY277888–AY277890, AB179636-AB179643), EYAV: Eyach virus (AF282467–F282478); ambisense RNA viruses, PusV5: Puccinia striiformis virus 5 (ON040903), CxNV1: Culex narnavirus 1 (MW226855/MW226856); negative-sense RNA viruses, SsRhV1: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum rhabdovirus 1 (MT706019), NlAV: Niakha virus (KC585008), LeNSRV1: Lentinula edodes negative-strand RNA virus 1 (LC466007), HRLV4: Hubei rhabdo-like virus 4 (KX884403), FaMBV1: Fusarium asiaticum mycobunyavirus 1 (MZ969068–MZ969070), MotV: Mothra virus (KX272883–X272885); positive-sense RNA viruses, RcEV1: Rhizoctonia cerealis endornavirus 1 (KF311065), HuEV1: Hubei endorna-like virus 1 (KX883776). “Mycoambinarnavirus” and “Alphanarnavirus” are proposed as genera within the family Narnaviridae. SsRhV1 and FaMBV1 encode glycoprotein-like (G-like) proteins similar to those found in classical rhabdoviruses (G protein) and animal phenuiviruses (Gn/Gc precursor protein) [97,98]. The G or Gn/Gc proteins have been shown to be involved in the virion formation and are likely to play a role in modulating the cell entry into arthropod vectors or other animal hosts. CP: coat protein, RdRP: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, rORF: reverse open reading frame, N or NC: nucleocapsid protein, P: phosphoprotein, M: matrix protein, G: glycoprotein, ISV: insect-specific virus.
Fig 2.
An illustration depicting the possible transfer of animal viruses from an animal cell to a fungal cell.
At the later stages of infection, the progeny of animal viruses are commonly released into the extracellular space of animal cells (known as viral shedding) through various processes such as cell lysis, budding, exocytosis, apoptosis, or via extracellular vesicles. Animal viruses could potentially pass through the fungal cell wall and subsequently enter the fungal cell through mechanisms such as membrane fusion, endocytosis, or a nonspecific entry mechanism that may partially resemble the direct uptake of macromolecules by the fungal cells.