Fig 1.
Independent origins of insect-fusarial symbioses.
Maximum Likelihood phylogeny based on a concatenated alignment of 1,087 BUSCO genes (Sordariomycete lineage) revealing the phylogenetic placement of insect-associated fusaria relative to other Fusarium strains. Node coloration reflects bootstrap support >90%. Leaf drawings depict phytopathogenic strains. Insect schematics top to bottom: ambrosia beetle (green), tortoise leaf beetle (orange) and sugar cane borer (blue). Insect schematics created with BioRender.com and not to scale.
Fig 2.
Fusarium localization in insects.
(A-C) Euwallacea validus beetles rely for nutrition on fusarioid fungi that they harbor in pocket-like structures near the oral cavity called “mycangia” [12]. (D-F) Chelymorpha alternans beetles associate with F. oxysporum, which grows on the surface of their pupae during metamorphosis, protecting pupae from predation [22]. (G-I) Diatraea saccharalis, the sugarcane borer partners with F. verticilloides, which colonizes the caterpillar gut [37] and indirectly protects the larvae against parasitoid attack.