Fig 1.
Global map of amphibian diversity (i.e., number of species), the number of Bd studies published per country, and locations with species data before and after a Bd-related chytridiomycosis epizootic.
Orange squares show the worldwide locations of studies that contain data on amphibians as well as other taxonomic groups before and after Bd invasion. Amphibian biodiversity data were obtained from [49] and the number of published Bd studies per country was tabulated from [15].
Fig 2.
Trophic diagram showing the cascading effects of the Bd invasion in El Copé, Panama.
Following the arrival of Bd, amphibians experienced mass mortality from the direct effects of the disease (shadowed in red), which led to significant changes across the local ecosystem through cascading processes. Studies have documented both indirect bottom-up and top-down effects of Bd, including changes in the richness and composition of snakes as well as in the structure and functional diversity of macroinvertebrates, primary producers, and inorganic and organic material (shadowed in yellow). Additional taxa in the system (shadowed in white) could have also been impacted by the Bd invasion, but to date, there are no published studies on these taxonomic groups. Species groups shown at the various tropic levels are representative and not exhaustive.