Fig 1.
The cross-kingdom interaction between Helicobacter pylori and Candida albicans and the possible mechanisms and outcomes.
There is a strong positive correlation between H. pylori and C. albicans in the colonization and synergistic pathogenesis. H. pylori potentially inhabit within C. albicans vacuoles through the endocytosis pathway. The interactions between H. pylori and C. albicans may increase the resistance to the killing effect of antibiotics and unfavorable living environment through endosymbiosis, adhesion, or formation of mixed biofilms, then promote the spread and colonization and increase the virulence factors to affect the occurrence and development of diseases.