Fig 1.
Regulation of the chemical defense of filamentous fungi (on the example of a mushroom) against microbial competitors and animal predators, exemplified by bacteria and fungivorous nematodes (adapted from Fig 1 in [9]).
The fungus is represented by its vegetative mycelial network originating from a spore (black oval) and a fruiting body (mushroom) arising from that network. The circles show close ups on the competition between the fungal hyphae and bacteria (left) and predation by fungivorous nematodes (right) and the induction of respective fungal defense effectors; fungal nuclei are represented by grey ovals, extracellular antibacterial defense effectors by red squares, and intracellular defense effectors against nematodes by green triangles. Specific examples of antibacterial and antinematode effectors and their properties are listed in Table 1. Fungal hyphae producing the two types of defense effectors are colored respectively. Autonomous and antagonist-dependent production of defense effectors is indicated by thin and thick hyphae, respectively. The indicated spatial restriction of antagonist-dependent defense effector production in the fungal mycelium is hypothetical.
Table 1.
Examples of fungal toxins and their targets.