Figure 1.
Overview of genes transcriptionally up-regulated in Schistosoma japonicum in response to in vivo exposure to praziquantel.
Broad functions known to be important to schistosome biology, and specific example genes are presented. Responses were noted separately for male and female parasites, and were classified as either “Early Phase” representing time points 30 min and 4 h, or “Late Phase” representative of 12 h and 24 h, after administration of praziquantel. Up-regulation of genes was considered relative to pre-drug administration.
Table 1.
Numbers of differentially expressed genes in male and female Schistosoma japonicum after in vivo exposure to praziquantel.
Figure 2.
Calcium Signalling Pathway according to KEGG for S. japonicum with corresponding heat maps indicating differential gene expression (≥ or ≤2 fold) after in vivo exposure of adult male and female parasites with praziquantel for 0, 0.5, 4, 12, 24 h.
CamKII is marked with a yellow star.
Figure 3.
IC50 value from real time cell assay of female and male S. japonicum treated in vitro with praziquantel.
Praziquantel dose response curves used to generate IC50 values generated from motility index analysis. Panel A: Female worms, Panel B: Male parasite. Error bars (SEM) was shown in the figure every 4 h after been treated with different concentration of praziquantel (0, 12.3, 37, 111, 333, 1000, 3000 ng/ml).
Figure 4.
Motility (%) of female and male S. japonicum after being electroporated with dsRNA for 48 h–51 h.
Motility % is presented on the left y-axis while the corresponding p-value is presented on the right y-axis. Panel A: Female worms, Panel B: Male parasite. Error bars (SEM) was shown at time points, 0, 1, 2 and 3 h.
Figure 5.
Motility (%) generated by CamKII gene knockdown, female and male worms incubated without or with praziquantel for up to 72 h.
Motility % is presented on the left y-axis while the corresponding p-value is presented on the right y-axis. For both sexes, knockdown resulted in no significant changes in mobility without praziquantel treatment. Panel A: Female worms, Panel B: Male parasite without praziquantel treatment. However for both sexes, knockdown leads to less motile worms in the presence of praziquantel. Panel C: Female worms, Panel D: Male parasite with praziquantel treatment. Error bars (SEM) was shown in the figure every 4 h after been treated with or without praziquantel.