Figure 1.
Helicobacter pylori in family 12 from South Africa.
Circles in the pedigree depict female and squares depict male family members. Numbers in the symbols refer to the patient/isolate identifyer. Empty symbols: no biopsies were taken, because individuals refused to participate or were deceased. Colours of filled symbols indicate the assignment of the isolate to H. pylori populations by Structure 2.0 analysis. Color-coding is shown on the right. Numbers below the symbols indicate the sequence type (ST) of the antrum (upper number) and corpus (lower number) isolates. STs that occurred in more than one individual are highlighted by the same colour. Black horizontal lines between upper and lower ST numbers indicate that antrum and corpus isolates were assigned to different STs. NEG: H. pylori could not be cultivated from the respective biopsy. Individuals where the upper or lower number are missing indicate that only one biopsy was available.
Figure 2.
Helicobacter pylori in family 13 from South Africa.
See legend of Figure 1 for details.
Table 1.
Non-unique H. pylori isolates based on numbers of shared alleles in first-degree relatives from South Africa and urban sources versus a global sample of isolates.
Figure 3.
Helicobacter pylori in 11 families from the United States, Korea, the United Kingdom, and Colombia.
Meaning of symbols and color-coding as described for Figures 1 and 2. Only one isolate was available per individual. Unique STs are shown in black and identical STs detected within a family are highlighted in red.
Table 2.
Non-unique H. pylori isolates based on percentage homology in first-degree relatives from South Africa and urban sources versus a global sample of isolates.
Figure 4.
Complex sequence mosaics within H. pylori isolates from families.
Long bars represent the merged housekeeping gene fragments (3,406 bp) for the strains from the Coventry family (England, top) and family 13 (South Africa, bottom), and black lines within the bars indicate the position of sequence polymorphisms. Gaps indicate a deletion of six basepairs in the yphC gene in hpAfrica2 strains. Sequences of paired corpus and antrum isolates from members of family 13 are only shown if the sequences were different. Selected identical sequence motifs, i.e., identical single or multiple nucleotide polymorphisms, detected in isolates from at least two family members of family 13, are highlighted in red.