Table 1.
Inhibitory Effects of Nonpolysaccharide Compounds
Table 2.
Inhibitory Effects of Polysaccharide Compounds
Figure 1.
Idealized average structures of the disaccharide repeat units of various sulfated polysaccharides. Ac = acetyl, R = [H or SO3−], R′ = [H, Ac, or SO3−]. Structures adapted from [13], http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/hycar.html, and http://www.sigmaaldrich.com.
Figure 2.
Capsid Dose Influences Carrageenan IC50
Inhibition assays were performed using a standard dose of GFP-expressing HPV16 PsV in the presence of increasing doses of cold capsids. Overall capsid dose is given as the final concentration of the major capsid protein, L1, in the culture medium.
Figure 3.
Carrageenan beads were incubated with HPV16 or HPV5 capsids in buffers with the NaCl concentration shown. The beads were washed, then bound capsids were eluted and visualized in stained SDS-PAGE gels. Bovine serum albumin (BSA, 65 kDa) was used as a control for nonspecific binding to the beads. For HPV16, an L2 band can be seen above the L1 band.
Figure 4.
Standardized Carrageenan IC50 for Various Papillomavirus Types
Points represent carrageenan IC50 of infectivity, except for empty red triangles, which represent the carrageenan IC50 of cell binding for HPV16 capsids covalently linked to a fluorescent dye. Empty circles represent carrageenan IC50 of infectivity observed using HaCaT cells instead of HeLa cells. Error bars represent the 95% CI for the IC50.
Figure 5.
Carrageenan Addition Time Course
Cells were incubated with HPV16 PsV for 2 h, followed by washout of the virus inoculum. Carrageenan was added at the timepoints shown, where time zero represents initial PsV inoculation.
Table 3.
Inhibitory Effects of Consumer Products