Exploiting bacterial effector proteins to uncover evolutionarily conserved antiviral host machinery
Fig 2
Specific Bacterial Effectors Relieve Arbovirus Restriction in LD652 Cells.
A. Schematic outlining screen for bacterial effectors that rescue arbovirus restriction in LD652 cells. Cells were transfected with expression plasmids from a library consisting of 210 different effector proteins. After 48 h, cells were infected with either GFP or luciferase reporter strains. At 72 hpi, viral replication was quantified using fluorescence microscopy (RRV-GFP and ONNV-GFP) or luciferase assays (VSV-LUC and SINV-LUC). Image was created with BioRender.com. B-E. Fold-change in reporter readout, normalized to empty vector controls for all four screens. The cutoff for fold-change in GFP-based assays was set to >2.5, while the cutoff for luciferase reporters was set to >4-fold (represented by dotted horizontal lines). Data points are means. RLU = relative light units. F. Summary of bacterial effector proteins that rescued at least one virus. Green blocks indicate the effector rescued the virus indicated in the column header. The bacterium encoding each effector is noted to the right: Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri), Pseudomonas syringae (P. syringae), Salmonella enterica (S. enterica), Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumo.) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (EHEC). Additional effector proteins from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Bartonella henselae were also screened but did not rescue arbovirus replication. The complete list of effectors screened and the raw results of the screens can be found in S1 Table.