Exosomal miR-224 contributes to hemolymph microbiota homeostasis during bacterial infection in crustacean
Fig 2
Exosomes regulate hemolymph microbiota homeostasis through activation of ROS and ALFs.
(A-B) The effects of the indicated exosomes on ROS production during V. parahaemolyticus infection in mud crabs. The level of ROS was measured by fluorescence microscopy. Scale bar, 50 μm (A) and microplate reader (B). (C) The effect of exosomes on the mRNA levels of ALF1-ALF6, and β-actin was used as internal reference, each treatment contains 5 crabs and three independent experiments were performed. (D) The effects of the indicated exosomes on hemolymph microbiota diversity. Mud crabs were co-injected with exosomes and V. parahaemolyticus for 48 h, after which hemolymph was collected and subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing. (E-F) The effects of the indicated exosomes on the composition of hemolymph microbiota at phylum (Top 10) (E) and genera (Top 35) (F) levels. Data represent mean ± s.d. of triplicate assays (*, p<0.05; **, p<0.01).