The hallmarks of COVID-19 disease
Fig 2
Hosts and consequences of human CoV infection.
Different human CoVs have different natural and intermediate hosts. Among them, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 cause mild infection, whereas SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 lead to mild or lethal respiratory diseases. 9-0-Ac-Sia, 9-O-acetylated sialic acids; ACE2, angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2; ANPEP (also known as CD13), alanyl aminopeptidase, membrane; CoV, coronavirus; DPP4 (also known as CD26), dipeptidyl peptidase 4; HCoV, human coronavirus; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.