Chitin and chitosan remodeling defines vegetative development and Trichoderma biocontrol
Fig 2
Genomic environment of chs and cda reflects their specific roles.
(A, B) A cluster analysis was performed according to the chromosomal location of chitin synthase genes and their conservation among T. atroviride (Ta) and T. reesei (Tr) annotated at the JGI database for Trichoderma atroviride v2.0 (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Triat2/Triat2.home.html) and Trichoderma reesei v2.0 (https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Trire2/Trire2.home.html). Conservation of exons (lilac), UTRs (untranslated regions, turquoise) and CNS (conserved non-coding sequences, red) is shown in the above panel of each diagram. Gene location on the chromosomes (T. reesei, [146]) and contigs (T. atroviride) is indicated in k = 1,000 nucleotides. Gene (white arrows) size and position are to scale and numbers correspond to gene description in S1 and S2 Tables. Chitin synthase genes and the activator are highlighted in red. (A) Gene cluster of chitin synthase (chs4) and the putative chitin synthase activator (csa1). (B) chs5-chs7-chs6 gene cluster. (C-D) Transcript levels of chitin synthase (left panel) and chitin deacetylase genes (right panel) during vegetative growth and conidiation. Transcript levels of chitin synthase genes (chs1-8) were related to chs1 and chitin deacetylase genes (cda1-6) to cda2 expression at 16 h of germination for (C) and 24 h of growth on PDA for (D). Normalized expression of chs1 and cda2 corresponds to ‘1’ as indicated (see also S2 Fig). (C) Expression analysis during germination after 0 h, 4 h (isotropic growth), 8 h (formation of germination tube) and 16 h (first vegetative hyphae). Pictures of corresponding germination stages are shown on the right-hand side; scale bar = 20μm. (D) Expression analysis during hyphal development from mycelium grown on PDA for 24 h and 48 h and asexual development at different maturation stages with (w) white/ nascent, (y) yellow/immature and (g) green/mature conidia; scale bar = 1 cm.