Hydropic anthelmintics against parasitic nematodes
Fig 2
Sequence of vacuolar cell death in parasitic nematodes.
Hydropic anthelmintics, such as 5-iodoindole, disrupt osmoregulation causing rapid water influx into nematodes. This leads to the formation of multiple vacuoles. Depending on the severity of the injury or chemical dosages, injury due to vacuolization can be classified as reversible (where the nematodes can be revived back to life) or irreversible (where the nematodes pass the point of no return, causing them to die). ATP, adenosine triphosphate. The phenotypes were re-constructed by adopting images and concepts from our previous publications [12, 14].