Oxamniquine resistance alleles are widespread in Old World Schistosoma mansoni and predate drug deployment
Fig 6
Common origin of the p.E142del mutation in the Old and New World.
(A) Haplotype variation in all the samples bearing p.E142del from Caribbean (HR9), Niger (NE) and Tanzania (TZ) across a 102.5 kb region of chr. 6. Each row represents a chromosome, HR9 was used as reference, blank squares reflect HR9 allele state, and black squares correspond to the alternative allele. Relative bp position to p.E142del (0 bp) is shown on the x-axis. The first and last variants showed on the block correspond to the break of the haplotype block. The Caribbean sample (HR9) and a Nigerien sample (Sm.NE_Di158.1) share an identical haplotype block of 102.5 kb. (B) Minimum spanning network of 410 haplotypes of the 102.5 kb region previously identified. The network was built using 399 bi-allelic variants. Node size is proportional to sample size (smallest node: n = 1; biggest node n = 50). Nodes with samples carrying p.E142del are circled in blue. Caribbean and West African haplotypes carrying p.E142del clustered together indicating a common origin. The p.E142del from East Africa has different flanking haplotypes.