Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products increase malignant characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma cells in three-dimensional co-culture with biliary ductal plates
Fig 5
Increased migration and invasion of CCA cells after ESP treatment of the biliary tumor microenvironment.
(A) H69 and HuCCT1 cells shown as a bright field image with green fluorescence overlay. Initial positions of H69 (unstained) and HuCCT1 cells (green) after serial cell seeding (left, Day 1) and subsequent invasion of HuCCT1 cells through the H69 cell layer in the microfluidic device (right, Day 3). (B) Migration of HuCCT1 cells toward the COL1 hydrogel scaffold on day 3. (C) Single cell invasion by HuCCT1 cells (red circle) into the COL1 hydrogel scaffold on day 3. (D) Quantified migration of HuCCT1 cells (penetrated area of the COL1 ECM) and invasion by HuCCT1 cells (counted number of individually invading cells). Green fluorescence indicates HuCCT1-GFP (A, B and C). Scale bars = 100 μm (A, B and C). #P = 0.058, *P < 0.05 versus non-treated control. Student’s t-test was used to analyze significance. Error bars = ± SEM.