Niche adaptation and viral transmission of human papillomaviruses from archaic hominins to modern humans
Fig 1
Phylogeny of primate papillomaviruses.
A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was inferred from the concatenated nucleotide sequence alignment of 4 open reading frames (E1-E2-L1-L2) of 141 papillomavirus types representing 132 species (see PV list with hosts in S2 Table). The majority of analyzed primate papillomaviruses cluster into three distinct clades, Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-PV genera, corresponding predominately to the anatomical sites (e.g., mucosal vs. cutaneous epithelium) where the viruses were originally isolated, rather than to the distinct host species. The branches represented by non-human primate papillomaviruses are highlighted in red. Non-primate papillomaviruses are collapsed and joined by grey lines (see comprehensive tree in S1 Fig). The dot sizes are proportional to the bootstrap percentage supports from RAxML.