MicroRNAs upregulated during HIV infection target peroxisome biogenesis factors: Implications for virus biology, disease mechanisms and neuropathology
Fig 5
HIV-1 induces loss of peroxisomal proteins in brain tissue.
A. Lysates from brain tissue from HIV negative (Neg-1-3), HIV positive (HIV), HIV positive with encephalitis (HIVE-1-2) and HAND patients (HAND-1-3) were subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies to catalase, PEX2, PEX7, PEX11B, PEX13 and actin. The relative levels of peroxisomal proteins (compared to actin) were averaged and plotted. N = 3 (triplicate from same sample). Error bars represent standard deviation of the mean. * p<0.05. B. Immunodetection peroxisome proteins in frontal lobe material from uninfected (HIV[-]) and HIV-infected (HIV[+]) patients. Peroxisomes were labeled with rabbit antibodies PEX13 or thiolase and microglia were detected using rabbit anti-Iba-1. Most of the cells that stain intensely for thiolase and PEX 13 immunopositive cells are astrocytes (arrows) but some could be oligodendrocytes or microglia. Confocal microscopy shows labeled astrocytes (green) and PEX immunoreactivity (scarlet) and DAPI-labeled nuclei. Slides from 4–5 patients per group were reviewed; all HIV+ patients were AIDS-defined and not receiving therapy at the time of death. (Size bar = 20μm).