Host-Specific Parvovirus Evolution in Nature Is Recapitulated by In Vitro Adaptation to Different Carnivore Species
Figure 2
Mutations in the VP2 capsid protein sequences of parvoviruses observed during the experimental evolution studies and a comparison to those found in nature.
(A) Amino acid changes occurring in the VP2 capsid protein of parvoviruses after cell culture passage. Viruses were passaged for 20 weeks in domestic dog (A72), domestic cat (NLFK), domestic ferret (Mpf), raccoon (Pl1Ut), gray fox (FoLu), and American mink (Mv1Lu) cells and cultures were collected at passages 2, 5, 10, and 20 to determine the mutations that occurred. Gray bars indicate the linear primary sequence of VP2 from residues 1–584 and passage series is indicated on the far left. Each mutation arising during passage is highlighted by its residue number (not to scale due to space limitations in some instances) and is colored-coded according to the carnivore species as indicated by the key. (B) Amino acid positions in VP2 observed to have mutations both in viruses recovered from nature and also in those passaged under experimental conditions, suggesting they are of adaptive importance. (C) Comparison between mutations derived from cell culture passage and those found in nature, indicating the mutation observed and the hosts involved. The possible or known functional importance of such mutations on host infection is indicated, along with appropriate references.