Fungal Chitin Dampens Inflammation through IL-10 Induction Mediated by NOD2 and TLR9 Activation
Figure 8
Reduced cell wall chitin effects late phase cytokine response to C. albicans.
CHIT-1-activity of (A) hPMNs and (B) hMφ's incubated with live C. albicans yeast cells, MOI = 0.4. Values represent means ± SEM, n = 4, *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. (C) Heat-treated yeast cells from C. albicans wild type and chs3Δ mutant were stained for total chitin content with Calcofluor White (CFW) and surface presented chitin with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and (D) mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was analysed. Values are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 30, ****p<0.0001. (E) TEM analysis of heat-treated yeast cells from C. albicans wild type and chs3Δ mutant. Images shown are representative for all analysed yeast cells. (F and G) hPBMCs were incubated with heat-treated C. albicans wild type yeast cells or C. albicans chs3Δ, MOI = 0.4 in the presence or absence of the chitinase inhibitor Bisdionin C. TNF and IL-10 secretion was monitored for a period of 7 days. Values represent means ± SEM, n = 4, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ****p<0.0001.