Five Mechanisms of Manipulation by Bacterial Effectors: A Ubiquitous Theme
Figure 2
Five distinct mechanisms in which bacterial proteins manipulate the host ubiquitin system.
Each piece of the pentagon illustrates a known mechanism for the intersection between pathogen effectors and the host ubiquitin system. Bacterial proteins utilizing each specific mechanism are listed. All bacterial effectors are depicted in yellow. Host target proteins are identified when known and labeled as (?) when unknown. E2, E2 conjugating enzyme, red; E3, E3 ligating enzyme; DUB, deubiquitylating activity, green; UB, monoubiquituin or ubiquitin chains, black ovals; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; IκBα, I kappa B alpha; PLA2, phospholipase activity with A2 specificity.