Antigen flexibility supports the avidity of hemagglutinin-specific antibodies at low antigen densities

Ananya Benegal; Yuanyuan He; Katilyn Ho; Giselle Groff; Zijian Guo; Michael D. Vahey

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013862

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Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Antigen flexibility supports the avidity of hemagglutinin-specific antibodies at low antigen densities

Ananya Benegal,

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
⨯
Yuanyuan He,

Roles Resources

Affiliations Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
⨯
Katilyn Ho,

Roles Investigation

Affiliations Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
⨯
Giselle Groff,

Roles Investigation

Affiliations Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
⨯
Zijian Guo,

Roles Resources

Affiliations Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
⨯
Michael D. Vahey

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: mvahey@wustl.edu

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-4860

⨯

Antigen flexibility supports the avidity of hemagglutinin-specific antibodies at low antigen densities

Ananya Benegal,
Yuanyuan He,
Katilyn Ho,
Giselle Groff,
Zijian Guo,
Michael D. Vahey

Published: February 5, 2026
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1013862

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Antibody isotype determination
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