Assessing Ebola virus circulation in the Tshuapa province (Democratic Republic of the Congo): A One Health investigation of wildlife and human interactions

• Rianne van Vredendaal ,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: rianne.vv@outlook.com

  ¶☯ These authors contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1116-0184

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• Léa Joffrin ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Léa Joffrin

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  ¶☯ These authors contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

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• Antea Paviotti,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium, Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk Belgium

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• Claude Mande,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo, Department of Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Solange Milolo,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Nicolas Laurent,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Vertebrate Group, Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

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• Léa Fourchault,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium, Vertebrate Group, Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

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• Douglas Adroabadrio,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Pascal Baelo,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Steve Ngoy,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Papy Ansobi,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Ecology and Control of Infectious Diseases Unit, Basic Sciences Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Casimir Nebesse,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliations Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo, Department of Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Martine Peeters,

  Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institute for Research and Sustainable Development (IRD), INSERM, Montpellier, France

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• Ahidjo Ayouba,

  Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institute for Research and Sustainable Development (IRD), INSERM, Montpellier, France

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• Maeliss Champagne,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institute for Research and Sustainable Development (IRD), INSERM, Montpellier, France

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• Julie Bouillin,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institute for Research and Sustainable Development (IRD), INSERM, Montpellier, France

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• Jana Tĕšíková,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

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• Natalie Van Houtte,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

  ⨯
• Sophie Gryseels,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium, Vertebrate Group, Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

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• Maha Salloum,

  Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium, Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk Belgium

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• Freddy Bikioli,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  ⨯
• Séverine Thys,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation ASTRE, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France

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• Jimmy Mpato,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Boende General Hospital of Reference, Boende, Democratic Republic of Congo

  ⨯
• Ruben Ilonga,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Central Office of Boende Health District, Boende, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Henri Kimina,

  Roles Investigation

  Affiliation Anthropology Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Ynke Larivière,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium, Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk Belgium

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• Gwen Lemey,

  Roles Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium, Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk Belgium

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• Pierre Van Damme,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

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• Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk Belgium

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• Hypolite Muhindo-Mavoko,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

  ⨯
• Patrick Mitashi,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

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• Herwig Leirs,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

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• Erik Verheyen,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium, Vertebrate Group, Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

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• Guy-Crispin Gembu,

  Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision

  Affiliations Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo, Department of Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

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•  [ ... ],
• Joachim Mariën

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium, Virus Ecology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

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