Lineage frequency time series reveal elevated levels of genetic drift in SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England

• QinQin Yu ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: qinqinyu@berkeley.edu (QY); ohallats@berkeley.edu (OH)

  address: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  Affiliation Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0838-3670

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• Joao A. Ascensao ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliation Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America

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• Takashi Okada ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  ¶‡ These authors contributed equally to this work.

  Affiliations Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, RIKEN iTHEMS, Wako, Saitama, Japan

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• The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium ,

  ¶Membership of The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium is provided in S1 Acknowledgments.

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• Olivia Boyd,

  Roles Data curation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

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• Erik Volz ,

  Roles Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  ¶Membership of The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium is provided in S1 Acknowledgments.

  Affiliation MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

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• Oskar Hallatschek

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: qinqinyu@berkeley.edu (QY); ohallats@berkeley.edu (OH)

  Affiliations Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1312-5975

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