Back-to-Africa introductions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the main cause of tuberculosis in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

• Michaela Zwyer ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Michaela Zwyer, Liliana K. Rutaihwa, Etthel Windels

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Liliana K. Rutaihwa ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Michaela Zwyer, Liliana K. Rutaihwa, Etthel Windels

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania

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• Etthel Windels ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Michaela Zwyer, Liliana K. Rutaihwa, Etthel Windels

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Jerry Hella,

  Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania

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• Fabrizio Menardo,

  Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

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• Mohamed Sasamalo,

  Roles Data curation, Project administration, Resources

  Affiliation Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania

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• Gregor Sommer,

  Roles Formal analysis

  Affiliation Institut für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Hirslanden Klinik St. Anna, Luzern, Switzerland

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• Lena Schmülling,

  Roles Formal analysis

  Affiliation Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Department Theragnostik, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Sonia Borrell,

  Roles Project administration, Resources

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Miriam Reinhard,

  Roles Project administration, Resources

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Anna Dötsch,

  Roles Project administration, Resources

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Hellen Hiza,

  Roles Data curation, Resources

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania

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• Christoph Stritt,

  Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• George Sikalengo,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliations Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania, St. Francis Referral Hospital, Ifakara, Tanzania

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• Lukas Fenner,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision

  Affiliation Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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• Bouke C. De Jong,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Unit of Mycobacteriology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

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• Midori Kato-Maeda,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

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• Levan Jugheli,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Joel D. Ernst,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States

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• Stefan Niemann,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Borstel Research Centre, Borstel, Germany

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• Leila Jeljeli,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Borstel Research Centre, Borstel, Germany

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• Marie Ballif,

  Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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• Matthias Egger,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliations Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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• Niaina Rakotosamimanana,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar

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• Dorothy Yeboah-Manu,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

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• Prince Asare,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

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• Bijaya Malla,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Horng Yunn Dou,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan

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• Nicolas Zetola,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Robert J. Wilkinson,

  Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom

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• Helen Cox,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and the Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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• E Jane Carter,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

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• Joachim Gnokoro,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

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• Marcel Yotebieng,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America

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• Eduardo Gotuzzo,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú

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• Alash’le Abimiku,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation Institute of Human Virology (IHVN), Abuja, Nigeria

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• Anchalee Avihingsanon,

  Roles Resources

  Affiliation HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

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• Zhi Ming Xu,

  Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Jacques Fellay,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Damien Portevin,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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• Klaus Reither,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources

  Affiliations University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland

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• Tanja Stadler,

  Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Sebastien Gagneux ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: sebastien.gagneux@swisstph.ch (SG); d.brites@swisstph.ch (DB)

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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•  [ ... ],
• Daniela Brites

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: sebastien.gagneux@swisstph.ch (SG); d.brites@swisstph.ch (DB)

  Affiliations Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8090-2287

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