About the Authors

Suzanne D. E. Ruijten

Roles Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft

☯ These authors contributed equally to this study and share first authorship to this work.

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Jéssica C. dos Santos

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

☯ These authors contributed equally to this study and share first authorship to this work.

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Victoria Rios-Vazquez

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Adriana Navas

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Hanneke Maas

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Albert L. Groenendijk

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ErasmusMC, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Marc J. T. Blaauw

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Louise E. van Eekeren

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Wilhelm A. J. W. Vos

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Rainer Knoll

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany

Manoj Kumar Gupta

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany, TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany

Rob ter Horst

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

Javier Botey-Bataller

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany, TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany

Nienke van Unen

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany, TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany, Cluster of Excellence Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST; EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

Yang Li

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany, TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany, Cluster of Excellence Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST; EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, Lower Saxony Center for Artificial Intelligence and Causal Methods in Medicine (CAIMed), Hannover, Germany

Anna C. Aschenbrenner

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany

Joachim L. Schultze

Roles Supervision

Affiliations Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany, Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Cheng-Jian Xu

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany, TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany

Mihai G. Netea

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Andre J. A. M. van der Ven

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Vasiliki Matzaraki

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – original draft

vasiliki.matzaraki@radboudumc.nl

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: All authors are part of the 2000 HIV study, which is supported by an unrestricted grant from ViiV healthcare. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS policies on sharing data and materials. MGN is a scientific founder of TTxD, Biotrip, Lemba TX, and Salvina TX. SDER received a New Investigator Scholarship to attend the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2024 and 2025 to present data related to this manuscript.