About the Authors

Michael A. Martin

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Andrea Brizzi

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Xiaoyue Xi

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Ronald Moses Galiwango

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda

Sikhulile Moyo

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Deogratius Ssemwanga

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda

Alexandra Blenkinsop

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Andrew D. Redd

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Lucie Abeler-Dörner

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Christophe Fraser

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Steven J. Reynolds

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Thomas C. Quinn

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Joseph Kagaayi

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda

David Bonsall

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

David Serwadda

Roles Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda

Gertrude Nakigozi

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda

Godfrey Kigozi

Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda

M. Kate Grabowski

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

mmart108@jhmi.edu (MAM); mgrabow2@jhu.edu (MKG); oliver.ratmann@imperial.ac.uk (OR)

Affiliations Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Oliver Ratmann

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

mmart108@jhmi.edu (MAM); mgrabow2@jhu.edu (MKG); oliver.ratmann@imperial.ac.uk (OR)

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

with the PANGEA-HIV Consortium and the Rakai Health Sciences Program

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.