About the Authors

Hong-Su Park

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Yumiko Matsuoka

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Celia Santos

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Cindy Luongo

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Xueqiao Liu

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Lijuan Yang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Jaclyn A. Kaiser

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Eleanor F. Duncan

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Reed F. Johnson

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

I-Ting Teng

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vaccine Research Center, Structural Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Peter D. Kwong

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vaccine Research Center, Structural Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Ursula J. Buchholz

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ubuchholz@niaid.nih.gov (UJB); lenouenc@niaid.nih.gov (CLN)

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Cyril Le Nouën

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ubuchholz@niaid.nih.gov (UJB); lenouenc@niaid.nih.gov (CLN)

Affiliation RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: U.J.B., C.L., X.L, and C.LN. are inventors on the provisional patent application number 63/180,534, entitled “Recombinant chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus 3 expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its use”, filed by the United States of America, Department of Health and Human Services.