About the Authors

Tin Phan

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Carolin Zitzmann

Roles Investigation, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Kara W. Chew

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Davey M. Smith

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America

Eric S. Daar

Roles Data curation, Resources

Affiliation Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America

David A. Wohl

Roles Data curation, Resources

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Joseph J. Eron

Roles Data curation, Resources

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Judith S. Currier

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Michael D. Hughes

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Manish C. Choudhary

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Rinki Deo

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jonathan Z. Li

Roles Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ruy M. Ribeiro

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Ruian Ke

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Alan S. Perelson

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

asp@lanl.gov

Affiliations Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America

for the ACTIV-2/A5401 Study Team

Competing Interests

We have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: K.W.C. has received research funding to her institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme and consulted for Pardes Biosciences. D.M.S. has consulted for the following companies Fluxergy, Kiadis, Linear Therapies, Matrix BioMed, Lucira, VxBiosciences, Model Medicines, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, and Evidera. E.S.D. has consulted for Gilead, Merck, ViiV and Theratechnologies and received research funding to his institution from Gilead and ViiV. D.A.W. has consulted for Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Theratechnologies, and has university grant funding from Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, and Merck and Co. J. J. E. is on the DMC for Adagio/Invyvid and has consulted for Gilead Sciences and Merck & Co. J. S. C. has consulted for Merck & Co., J.Z.L. has consulted for Abbvie. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.