About the Authors

Peter A. C. Wing

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors share first authorship on this work.

Affiliations Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Nathalie M. Schmidt

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ These authors share first authorship on this work.

Affiliation Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom

Rory Peters

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Maximilian Erdmann

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Rachel Brown

Roles Resources

Affiliations Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom

Hao Wang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliations Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America, Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America

Leo Swadling

Roles Resources

Affiliation Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom

COVIDsortium Investigators

Membership of COVIDsortium Investigators is provided in Supporting Information file S1 Acknowledgments.

Joseph Newman

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom

Nazia Thakur

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources

Affiliation The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom

Kaho Shionoya

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan, Research Centre for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Sophie B. Morgan

Roles Resources

Affiliation Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Timothy SC Hinks

Roles Resources

Affiliation Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Koichi Watashi

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Supervision

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan, Research Centre for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Dalan Bailey

Roles Resources, Supervision

Affiliation The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom

Scott B. Hansen

Roles Investigation, Resources

Affiliation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom

Andrew D. Davidson

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis

Affiliation School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Mala K. Maini

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

m.maini@ucl.ac.uk (MKM); jane.mckeating@ndm.ox.ac.uk (JAM)

Affiliation Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom

Jane A. McKeating

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

m.maini@ucl.ac.uk (MKM); jane.mckeating@ndm.ox.ac.uk (JAM)

Affiliations Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: NMS, PACW, JAM and MKM hold an international patent entitled No.1917498.6 entitled “Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection” filed by applicant UCL Business Ltd and have received unrestricted project funding from Gilead Sciences to investigate effects of ACAT inhibitors in HBV infection.