About the Authors

Allison J. Greaney

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft

agreaney@fredhutch.org (AJG); bloom@fredhutch.org (JDB)

Affiliations Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Tyler N. Starr

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America

Rachel T. Eguia

Roles Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Andrea N. Loes

Roles Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America

Khadija Khan

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban, South Africa

Farina Karim

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban, South Africa

Sandile Cele

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban, South Africa

John E. Bowen

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Jennifer K. Logue

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Davide Corti

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland

David Veesler

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Helen Y. Chu

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Alex Sigal

Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Durban, South Africa

Jesse D. Bloom

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Software, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

agreaney@fredhutch.org (AJG); bloom@fredhutch.org (JDB)

Affiliations Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: J.D.B. consults for Moderna and Flagship Labs 77 on topics related to viral evolution, and has the potential to receive a share of IP revenue as an inventor on a Fred Hutch optioned technology/patent (application WO2020006494) related to deep mutational scanning of viral proteins. A.J.G, T.N.S., and J.D.B have the potential to receive a share of IP revenue as an inventor on a Fred Hutch optioned technology related to deep mutational scanning of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. H.Y.C. is a consultant for Merck, Pfizer, Ellume, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and has received support from Cepheid and Sanofi-Pasteur. D.V. is named as an inventor on a patent application filed by the University of Washington related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and has received an unrelated sponsored research agreement from Vir Biotechnology Inc. D.C. is an employee of and may hold shares in Vir Biotechnology. The other authors declare no competing interests.