About the Authors

Sameh A. Gad

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

Masaya Sugiyama

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources

Affiliation Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan

Masataka Tsuge

Roles Data curation, Methodology, Resources

Affiliation Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Kosho Wakae

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Kento Fukano

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Mizuki Oshima

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliations Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan

Camille Sureau

Roles Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France

Noriyuki Watanabe

Roles Methodology, Resources, Software

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Takanobu Kato

Roles Resources, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Asako Murayama

Roles Methodology, Resources

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Yingfang Li

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Ikuo Shoji

Roles Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan

Kunitada Shimotohno

Roles Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan

Kazuaki Chayama

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Collaborative Research Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan, Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan

Masamichi Muramatsu

Roles Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Takaji Wakita

Roles Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing

wakita@nih.go.jp (TW); ahussein@nih.go.jp (HHA)

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Tomoyoshi Nozaki

Roles Methodology, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Hussein H. Aly

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

wakita@nih.go.jp (TW); ahussein@nih.go.jp (HHA)

Affiliation Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.