About the Authors

Jonathan Youngs

Contributed equally to this work with: Jonathan Youngs, Nicholas M. Provine, Nicholas Lim

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Nicholas M. Provine

Contributed equally to this work with: Jonathan Youngs, Nicholas M. Provine, Nicholas Lim

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Nicholas Lim

Contributed equally to this work with: Jonathan Youngs, Nicholas M. Provine, Nicholas Lim

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Hannah R. Sharpe

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

‡ HS, AA, Y-LC, and JL also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Ali Amini

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ HS, AA, Y-LC, and JL also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Yi-Ling Chen

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

‡ HS, AA, Y-LC, and JL also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jian Luo

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

‡ HS, AA, Y-LC, and JL also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Matthew D. Edmans

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Panagiota Zacharopoulou

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Wentao Chen

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Oliver Sampson

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Robert Paton

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

William J. Hurt

Roles Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

David A. Duncan

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom

Anna L. McNaughton

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Vincent N. Miao

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Susannah Leaver

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Intensive Care Medicine, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

Duncan L. A. Wyncoll

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Intensive Care Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

Jonathan Ball

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Intensive Care Medicine, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom

Philip Hopkins

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, & Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom

Oxford Immunology Network Covid-19 response T cell Consortium

Membership of the Oxford Immunology Network Covid-19 response T cell Consortium and Oxford Protective T cell Immunology for COVID-19 (OPTIC) Clinical team are listed in the Acknowledgments.

Oxford Protective T cell Immunology for COVID-19 (OPTIC) Clinical team

Membership of the Oxford Immunology Network Covid-19 response T cell Consortium and Oxford Protective T cell Immunology for COVID-19 (OPTIC) Clinical team are listed in the Acknowledgments.

Donal T. Skelly

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Eleanor Barnes

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Susanna Dunachie

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Graham Ogg

Roles Resources

Affiliation MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Teresa Lambe

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Ian Pavord

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Alex K. Shalek

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Craig P. Thompson

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Luzheng Xue

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Respiratory Medicine Unit, and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Derek C. Macallan

Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Philip Goulder

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ PG, PK, and TB jointly led this project.

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Paul Klenerman

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

paul.klenerman@medawar.ox.ac.uk

‡ PG, PK, and TB jointly led this project.

Affiliations Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Tihana Bicanic

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

‡ PG, PK, and TB jointly led this project.

Affiliations Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom, Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests:WH reports lecture fees from Gilead.