About the Authors

Yik Chun Wong

Contributed equally to this work with: Yik Chun Wong, Wan Liu, Lok Yan Yim, Xin Li, Hui Wang, Ming Yue

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliations AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China

Wan Liu

Contributed equally to this work with: Yik Chun Wong, Wan Liu, Lok Yan Yim, Xin Li, Hui Wang, Ming Yue

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Lok Yan Yim

Contributed equally to this work with: Yik Chun Wong, Wan Liu, Lok Yan Yim, Xin Li, Hui Wang, Ming Yue

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft

Affiliations AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China

Xin Li

Contributed equally to this work with: Yik Chun Wong, Wan Liu, Lok Yan Yim, Xin Li, Hui Wang, Ming Yue

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliations AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China

Hui Wang

Contributed equally to this work with: Yik Chun Wong, Wan Liu, Lok Yan Yim, Xin Li, Hui Wang, Ming Yue

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China

Ming Yue

Contributed equally to this work with: Yik Chun Wong, Wan Liu, Lok Yan Yim, Xin Li, Hui Wang, Ming Yue

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Mengyue Niu

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Lin Cheng

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China

Lijun Ling

Roles Investigation

Affiliation AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Yanhua Du

Roles Investigation

Affiliation AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Samantha M. Y. Chen

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Ka-Wai Cheung

Roles Resources

Affiliation AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Haibo Wang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Xian Tang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliations HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China, Virus and Immunity Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France; INSERM U1108, Paris, France

Jiansong Tang

Roles Investigation

Affiliation AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Haoji Zhang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China

Youqiang Song

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

Lisa A. Chakrabarti

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Virus and Immunity Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France; INSERM U1108, Paris, France

Zhiwei Chen

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

zchenai@hku.hk

Affiliations AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China

Competing Interests

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Z.C. is a co-inventor on the PD1-based vaccine patent. However, ZC and all other authors do not have any competing interests or additional financial interests.