About the Authors

Thembi Mdluli

Contributed equally to this work with: Thembi Mdluli, Ningbo Jian

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Ningbo Jian

Contributed equally to this work with: Thembi Mdluli, Ningbo Jian

Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Bonnie Slike

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Dominic Paquin-Proulx

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Gina Donofrio

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Aljawharah Alrubayyi

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Syna Gift

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Rebecca Grande

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Mary Bryson

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Anna Lee

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Vincent Dussupt

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Letzibeth Mendez-Riveria

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Eric Sanders-Buell

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Agnès-Laurence Chenine

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Ursula Tran

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Yifan Li

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Eric Brown

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America

Paul T. Edlefsen

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation SCHARP, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Robert O’Connell

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand

Peter Gilbert

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation SCHARP, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Sorachai Nitayaphan

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand

Punnee Pitisuttihum

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

Supachai Rerks-Ngarm

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Thai Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand

Merlin L. Robb

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Robert Gramzinski

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Galit Alter

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Ragon Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Sodsai Tovanabutra

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Ivelin S. Georgiev

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America

Margaret E. Ackerman

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America

Victoria R. Polonis

Roles Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Sandhya Vasan

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Nelson L. Michael

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Jerome H. Kim

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Current address: IVI, Seoul, S. Korea

Affiliation U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Michael A. Eller

Roles Conceptualization, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Shelly J. Krebs

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

skrebs@hivresearch.org (SJK); mrolland@hivresearch.org (MR)

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Morgane Rolland

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

skrebs@hivresearch.org (SJK); mrolland@hivresearch.org (MR)

Affiliations U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.