About the Authors

Perrine Marcenac

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

W. Robert Shaw

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Evdoxia G. Kakani

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Verily Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Sara N. Mitchell

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Verily Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Adam South

Roles Formal analysis

Current address: Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Kristine Werling

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Eryney Marrogi

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Daniel G. Abernathy

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Rakiswendé Serge Yerbanga

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Roch K. Dabiré

Roles Resources

Affiliation Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Abdoulaye Diabaté

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Thierry Lefèvre

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

Flaminia Catteruccia

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

fcatter@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.