About the Authors

Giacomo Gorini

Contributed equally to this work with: Giacomo Gorini, Slim Fourati

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Slim Fourati

Contributed equally to this work with: Giacomo Gorini, Slim Fourati

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Monica Vaccari

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Mohammad Arif Rahman

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Shari N. Gordon

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America

Dallas R. Brown

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Lynn Law

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Jean Chang

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Richard Green

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Affiliation Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Fredrik Barrenäs

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation

Current address: Uppsala University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Uppsala, Sweden

Affiliation Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Namal P. M. Liyanage

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Current address: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Melvin N. Doster

Roles Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Luca Schifanella

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Massimiliano Bissa

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Isabela Silva de Castro

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Robyn Washington-Parks

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Veronica Galli

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Deborah H. Fuller

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Sampa Santra

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michael Agy

† Deceased.

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Ranajit Pal

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Robert E. Palermo

Roles Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Georgia D. Tomaras

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Xiaoying Shen

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Celia C. LaBranche

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

David C. Montefiori

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

David J. Venzon

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Hung V. Trinh

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Mangala Rao

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Michael Gale Jr.

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Rafick P. Sekaly

Roles Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Genoveffa Franchini

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

franchig@mail.nih.gov

Affiliation Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, or the Department of Defense nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.