About the Authors

Nuno R. Faria

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

nuno.faria@zoo.ox.ac.uk

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Nicole Vidal

Roles Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

José Lourenco

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jayna Raghwani

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Kim C. E. Sigaloff

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Andy J. Tatem

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden

David A. M. van de Vijver

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Andrea-Clemencia Pineda-Peña

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Global Health and Tropical Medicine—Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Basic Sciences Department, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia

Rebecca Rose

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Bioinfoexperts, LLC, Thibodaux, Los Angeles, United States of America

Carole L. Wallis

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Molecular Pathology, Lancet Laboratories and BARC-SA, Johannesburg, South Africa

Steve Ahuka-Mundeke

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institut National de Recherche Biomedicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo and Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institut National de Recherche Biomedicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo and Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Jérémie Muwonga

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation AIDS national laboratory and Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Marc A. Suchard

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Department of Biostatistics UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, United States of America

Tobias F. Rinke de Wit

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Raph L. Hamers

Roles Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Nicaise Ndembi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria

Guy Baele

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium

Martine Peeters

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

Oliver G. Pybus

Roles Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Philippe Lemey

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium

Simon Dellicour

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium, Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxels, Belgium

Competing Interests

Rebecca Rose is employed by a commercial company, Bioinfoexperts, LLC.