About the Authors

Taj Azarian

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

tazarian@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliation Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Patrick K. Mitchell

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Maria Georgieva

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Claudette M. Thompson

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Amel Ghouila

Roles Formal analysis

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR11IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia

Andrew J. Pollard

Roles Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom

Anne von Gottberg

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa

Mignon du Plessis

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa

Martin Antonio

Roles Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia

Stuart C. Clarke

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences and Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom

Dean Everett

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Queens Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Jennifer Cornick

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Ewa Sadowy

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Waleria Hryniewicz

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Anna Skoczynska

Roles Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Jennifer C. Moïsi

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Pfizer Vaccines, Medical Development, Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Paris, France

Lesley McGee

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Bernard Beall

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Benjamin J. Metcalf

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Software, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Robert F. Breiman

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

PL Ho

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

Raymond Reid

Roles Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Katherine L. O’Brien

Roles Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Rebecca A. Gladstone

Roles Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wellcome Trust, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Stephen D. Bentley

Roles Investigation, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Wellcome Trust, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

William P. Hanage

Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AS has received assistance to attend scientific meetings and honoraria for lecturing funded from Pfizer and from GlaxoSmithKline, and Participated in Advisory Board of GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer. WPH has consulted for Antigen Discovery Inc. JCM is employed by Pfizer, Inc. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS Pathogens policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.