About the Authors

Asuka Nanbo

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

nanboa@med.hokudai.ac.jp (AN); kawaokay@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu (YK)

Affiliation Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Junki Maruyama

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Masaki Imai

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Michiko Ujie

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology

Affiliation Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Yoichiro Fujioka

Roles Resources

Affiliation Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Shinya Nishide

Roles Resources

Affiliation Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Ayato Takada

Roles Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Yusuke Ohba

Roles Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Yoshihiro Kawaoka

Roles Funding acquisition, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

nanboa@med.hokudai.ac.jp (AN); kawaokay@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu (YK)

Affiliations Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.