About the Authors

Mirella Biava

Contributed equally to this work with: Mirella Biava, Claudia Caglioti

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Claudia Caglioti

Contributed equally to this work with: Mirella Biava, Claudia Caglioti

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Licia Bordi

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Concetta Castilletti

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Francesca Colavita

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Serena Quartu

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Emanuele Nicastri

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Francesco Nicola Lauria

Affiliations National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy, International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)

Nicola Petrosillo

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Simone Lanini

Affiliations National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy, International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)

Thomas Hoenen

Affiliation Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal HealthInsel Riems, Germany

Gary Kobinger

Affiliations Research Centre on Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec Canada, International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)

Alimuddin Zumla

Affiliations University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)

Antonino Di Caro

Affiliations National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy, International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)

Giuseppe Ippolito

giuseppe.ippolito@inmi.it

Affiliations National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy, International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)

Maria Rosaria Capobianchi

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Eleonora Lalle

Affiliation National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MRC EL ADC CCas LB. Performed the experiments: MB CCag EL FC CCas LB SQ. Analyzed the data: MB CCag EL LB CCas MRC ADC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AZ GK SL TH FNL EN GI NP. Wrote the paper: MB CCag EL SL MRC.