About the Authors

Janet C. Lindow

Contributed equally to this work with: Janet C. Lindow, Elsio A. Wunder Jr

jlindow@alum.mit.edu (JL); albert.ko@yale.edu (AK)

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Elsio A. Wunder Jr

Contributed equally to this work with: Janet C. Lindow, Elsio A. Wunder Jr

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Stephen J. Popper

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Jin-na Min

Affiliation Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Praveen Mannam

Affiliation Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Anup Srivastava

Current address: Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

Affiliation Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Yi Yao

Current address: Henry Ford Immunology Program, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America

Affiliation Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Kathryn P. Hacker

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Khadir Raddassi

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Patty J. Lee

Affiliation Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Ruth R. Montgomery

Affiliation Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Albert C. Shaw

Affiliation Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Jose E. Hagan

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Guilherme C. Araújo

Affiliation Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Nivison Nery Jr

Affiliation Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

David A. Relman

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America

Charles C. Kim

Current address: Verily, Mountain View, California, United States of America

Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Mitermayer G. Reis

Affiliation Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Albert I. Ko

jlindow@alum.mit.edu (JL); albert.ko@yale.edu (AK)

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JCL EAW MGR RRM PJL ACS AIK. Performed the experiments: JCL EAW PM AS JM KR. Analyzed the data: JCL EAW SJP JM PM YY KR RRM ACS CCK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JCL GCA NN PJL SJP JEH YY KPH CCK DAR MGR RRM AIK. Wrote the paper: JCL EAW SJP RRM AIK. Collected samples/patient data: GCA NN JEH.