About the Authors

Jennifer L. Uhrlaub

Affiliation Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

Vesna Pulko

Current address: Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland

Affiliation Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

Victor R. DeFilippis

Affiliation Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America

Rebecca Broeckel

Affiliation Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America

Daniel N. Streblow

Affiliation Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America

Gary D. Coleman

Affiliation Charles River, Ashland, Ohio, United States of America

Byung S. Park

Affiliation Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

John F. Lindo

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica

Ivan Vickers

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica

Joshua J. Anzinger

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica

Janko Nikolich-Žugich

nikolich@email.arizona.edu

Affiliation Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Gary D. Coleman is a paid employee of WIL Research. Two of the authors, Jennifer L. Uhrlaub and Janko Nikolich Zugich, are designated co-inventors on a provisional patent application that includes TGFβ blocking strategies during alphavirus infection. JNŽ is an unpaid Scientific Advisory Board member of Organic Vaccines, Inc.,. Organic Vaccines, Inc., has not funded this study and had no influence on the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. None of the above alters our adherence to all PLOS Pathogens policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: JLU JNŽ. Data curation: JLU. Formal analysis: JLU VRD DNS BSP. Funding acquisition: JNŽ. Investigation: JLU VP VRD RB DNS GDC. Methodology: JLU JNŽ. Project administration: JLU JNŽ. Resources: JFL IV JJA. Supervision: JNŽ. Validation: JLU VRD DNS RB JNŽ. Visualization: JLU. Writing – original draft: JLU VP JNŽ. Writing – review & editing: JLU JNŽ.