About the Authors

Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen

Affiliations Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Leonard Chavez

Affiliation Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Ravi Tandon

Affiliation School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

Glen M. Chew

Affiliation Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America

Xutao Deng

Affiliation Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Ali Danesh

Affiliations Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Sheila Keating

Affiliation Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Marion Lanteri

Affiliation Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Michael L. Samuels

Affiliation RainDance Technologies, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America

Rebecca Hoh

Affiliation University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Jonah B. Sacha

Affiliations Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America

Philip J. Norris

Affiliations Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Toshiro Niki

Affiliations GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan, Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan

Cecilia M. Shikuma

Affiliation Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America

Mitsuomi Hirashima

Affiliations GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan, Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan

Steven G. Deeks

Affiliation University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliation Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America

Satish K. Pillai

satish.pillai@ucsf.edu

‡ These authors are joint senior authors on this work.

Affiliations Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: MLS is currently employed by RainDance Technologies, Inc., which provided support for some of the droplet digital PCR assays performed in this study to measure HIV and host gene expression. TN and MH are employed by GalPharma Co., Ltd., which designed and provided the recombinant, stable form galectin-9 used in our study, and supported experiments to evaluate the safety and tolerability of recombinant galactic-9 in the Lewis rat model. These relationships do not alter our adherence to all PLoS Pathogens policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MAM LC RT GMC AD SK MLS LCN SKP. Performed the experiments: MAM LC RT GMC AD SK MLS LCN SKP. Analyzed the data: MAM XD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ML JBS PJN TN MH LCN RH CMS SGD. Wrote the paper: MAM SKP.