About the Authors

Shunsuke Sakai

Affiliation T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Keith D. Kauffman

Affiliation T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Michelle A. Sallin

Affiliation T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Arlene H. Sharpe

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, and Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Howard A. Young

Affiliation Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Vitaly V. Ganusov

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America

Daniel L. Barber

barberd@niaid.nih.gov

Affiliation T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: DLB and AHS have patents related to PD-1. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS Pathogens policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SS DLB VVG. Performed the experiments: SS KDK MAS. Analyzed the data: SS DLB VVG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AHS HAY. Wrote the paper: SS DLB VVG.