About the Authors

William T. Harvey

Affiliation Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health and Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Donald J. Benton

Affiliation The Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom (formerly WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom)

Victoria Gregory

Affiliation The Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom (formerly WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom)

James P. J. Hall

Current address: Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom

Affiliation Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Rodney S. Daniels

Affiliation The Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom (formerly WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom)

Trevor Bedford

Affiliation Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Daniel T. Haydon

Affiliation Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health and Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Alan J. Hay

Affiliation The Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom (formerly WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom)

John W. McCauley

Affiliation The Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom (formerly WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom)

Richard Reeve

richard.reeve@glasgow.ac.uk

Affiliations Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health and Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: WTH DJB RSD DTH AJH JWM RR. Performed the experiments: WTH DJB JPJH VG. Analyzed the data: WTH RR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJB TB. Wrote the paper: WTH RSD TB AJH JWM RR.