About the Authors

Ann E. Lin

Affiliation Division of Pediatric Pharmacology & Drug Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Federico C. Beasley

Affiliation Division of Pediatric Pharmacology & Drug Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Joshua Olson

Affiliation Division of Pediatric Pharmacology & Drug Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Nadia Keller

Affiliation Division of Pediatric Pharmacology & Drug Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Robert A. Shalwitz

Affiliation Aerpio Therapeutics, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America

Thomas J. Hannan

Affiliations Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Scott J. Hultgren

Affiliations Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Victor Nizet

vnizet@ucsd.edu

Affiliations Division of Pediatric Pharmacology & Drug Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

RAS is an employee of Aerpio Therapeutics, which has sought to develop AKB-4924 for its immunomodulatory properties in inflammatory bowel disease. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AEL FCB VN. Performed the experiments: AEL FCB JO NK. Analyzed the data: AEL FCB TJH SJH VN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RAS TJH SJH. Wrote the paper: AEL FCB VN.