About the Authors

Yongqian Zhao

Affiliations Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Tingjin Sherryl Soh

Affiliations School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore

Jie Zheng

Affiliation School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Kitti Wing Ki Chan

Affiliation Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore

Wint Wint Phoo

Affiliation Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Chin Chin Lee

Affiliation Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore

Moon Y. F. Tay

Affiliation Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore

Kunchithapadam Swaminathan

Affiliations NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Tobias C. Cornvik

Affiliation School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Siew Pheng Lim

Affiliation Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore

Pei-Yong Shi

Affiliation Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore

Julien Lescar

julien@ntu.edu.sg (JL); subhash.vasudevan@duke-nus.edu.sg (SGV); luodahai@ntu.edu.sg (DL)

Affiliations School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, UPMC UMRS CR7—CNRS ERL 8255-INSERM U1135 Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

Subhash G. Vasudevan

julien@ntu.edu.sg (JL); subhash.vasudevan@duke-nus.edu.sg (SGV); luodahai@ntu.edu.sg (DL)

Affiliations Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Dahai Luo

julien@ntu.edu.sg (JL); subhash.vasudevan@duke-nus.edu.sg (SGV); luodahai@ntu.edu.sg (DL)

Affiliation Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Competing Interests

We have read the journal’s policy and have the following conflicts: TSS, SPL and PYS are currently or have been under the employment of Novartis, which provided funds and equipment to conduct the studies and where they receive salary, benefits and stock. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JL SGV DL. Performed the experiments: YZ TSS JZ KWKC WWP CCL SPL JL DL. Analyzed the data: YZ TSS JZ SPL PYS JL SGV DL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CCL MYFT TCC. Wrote the paper: YZ TSS JZ KS SPL JL SGV DL.