About the Authors

Matthew P. Rubach

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University and VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Jackson Mukemba

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania

Salvatore Florence

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania

Bert K. Lopansri

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Keith Hyland

Affiliation Neurochemistry Division, Medical Neurogenetics, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Alicia D. Volkheimer

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University and VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Tsin W. Yeo

Affiliations Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School for Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, Department of Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Nicholas M. Anstey

Affiliations Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School for Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia

J. Brice Weinberg

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Duke University and VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Esther D. Mwaikambo

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania

Donald L. Granger

Don.Granger@hsc.utah.edu

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America

Competing Interests

KH is Vice President at Medical Neurogenetics, LLC, Atlanta, GA, a commercial company that performs clinical analyses of pterin metabolites. The pterin assays used in our study are for research purposes only, and are not available from his company commercially. His collaboration in this present work as a clinical chemist has been for research purposes only. KH and Medical Neurogenetics, LLC have not acquired nor do they anticipate to acquire any financial gain as part of this research collaboration. His association with Medical Neurogenetics does not alter our adherence to all PLOS Pathogens policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MPR BKL NMA JBW EDM DLG. Performed the experiments: MPR JM SF BKL KH ADV EDM DLG. Analyzed the data: MPR JM SF BKL KH ADV TWY NMA JBW EDM DLG. Wrote the paper: MPR JM SF BKL KH ADV TWY NMA JBW EDM DLG.